Mini-tutorial on writing: part three

As an editor and writing coach, I run across the same grammatical issues over and over again. With the help of a colleague (thanks, Jack!), I’ve assembled this “writing tutorial,” which addresses some of these. This information, presented in alphabetical order, should assist you in writing professional, clear, succinct, and grammatically correct books, articles, and promotional materials. Although some grammatical information is given, other information is a matter of personal style and format suggestions based on a couple of decades of professional writing and editing experience. Naturally, the style and format suggestions are only recommendations. As with any of this, it can be viewed as an editor’s job anyway, but the fewer the problems, the less editing will cost you in the long run.I’ll be running this as a several-part series. I hope you’ll find it helpful!

Editing and Proofing

Developmental Editing. Understand that a developmental editor is not the same as a peer reviewer. I can tell you from my observations that they are not catching overall writing problems, and this is not the job of a copyeditor either. Whether you use me or someone else for developmental editing, it will be expensive but it will improve the overall read and feel of your writing. Even while your writing improves over time, you cannot expect it to be perfect--ever; that is just the nature of writing. I never depend on myself for my final edits but rather I send my work through one and often several professional editors at whatever cost to me.

Proofing. Always proof your work after completing it. It will save your editors and layout people time and will save you money.

Ellipses. Rules for ellipses are well defined. The Chicago Manual of Style defines the grammatical use as follows:

• To indicate text missing from within a sentence, put a space before the first ellipsis, after the last ellipsis, and in between all ellipses. “The author...wanted all writing to be clear and concise.”
• To indicate text missing from the end of a sentence, do not put a space before the first ellipsis, put a space in between all ellipses, and add an extra one at the end to indicate the final period. “The author demandingly wanted all writing to be clear....”

Gender-Specific Language. Avoid gender-specific language if possible. I prefer the “compromise” of alternating the use of “he” and “she” throughout a document rather than “he/she,” “he or she,” “(s)he,” or “s/he.”

Glossaries. Consider using them; glossaries are a great help for obscure terminology. They are as helpful, if not more so, than an acronym list.

In-text References. Always ensure that in-text references to book or article titles as well as Web site URLs are accurate. Incorrect references should never appear in a publication. Developmental editors and reference checkers catch these in the book and periodical publishing field, but when you are publishing your own materials you will either have to be extremely thorough and double check all material or pay someone else to do it.

Keep Verb Forms Together. Watch out for splitting verb forms. Opt for “also will be responsible for” over “will also be responsible for,” unless it is extremely awkward when the former is used. 

Knowledge Base. Be careful when writing about any topic in which your level of experience may be limited. Your knowledge base appears to have increased by about 300 percent since I have known you (not to mention the increased development in your writing style), but none of us are perfect. If I, as your editor, question some of your statements because my research shows different outcomes, others will question your authority as well. (In all fairness, though, understand that it simply could be a matter of sources that are referenced.) And this could not be good for your reputation or book sales. If you are unsure about a certain technology or industry, research as much as you can. It is labor-intensive and time-consuming, but you cannot expect to get complete and accurate information by asking a couple of people. Plus, other specialists and experts do not necessarily have the time nor the inclination to do your research for you anyway.
   Lists. If the listed items are in a hierarchy, use numbers or letters; otherwise, use some sort of bullet.

Microsoft Word Tools. Do not depend on spell check or grammar check. Know how to research spelling and grammar issues since Word tools often recommend incorrect changes.

Noun (Subject)/Pronoun Agreement. The old school was to always have these agree such as “Every writer must have his or her way.” Today, it is becoming more acceptable to write, “Every writer must have their way.” 

Numbers, Writing. For numbers, follow the under 10 rule, i.e., spell out numbers if they are under 10, except for time, measurement, and money. Also, if three numbers are used in the same sentence, use whichever style outnumbers the others. For instance, you would spell out for “the contestant won 6, 11, and 15 times in a row.” Note how “6” is under 10 and normally would be spelled out, but the number is used since the other two numbers are over 10. If you decide to follow the ninety-nine and below rule where numbers are spelled out, be consistent. (Keep in mind, though, that numerals are nearly always used with percentages and measures.)

Mini-tutorial on writing: part two

As an editor and writing coach, I run across the same grammatical issues over and over again. With the help of a colleague (thanks, Jack!), I’ve assembled this “writing tutorial,” which addresses some of these.This information, presented in alphabetical order, should assist you in writing professional, clear, succinct, and grammatically correct books, articles, and promotional materials. Although some grammatical information is given, other information is a matter of personal style and format suggestions based on a couple of decades of professional writing and editing experience. Naturally, the style and format suggestions are only recommendations. As with any of this, it can be viewed as an editor’s job anyway, but the fewer the problems, the less editing will cost you in the long run.I’ll be running this as a several-part series. I hope you’ll find it helpful!

Capitalization. Avoid inconsistent or grammatically incorrect capitalization in titles and section headings. Refer to The Chicago Manual of Style for rules on capitalization. For instance, articles such as “a,” “and,” and “the” do not get capitalized unless they begin the title or heading.

Casual Writing. Nothing is more unprofessional than casual writing in a technical or trade publication that purports to having been written by a knowledgeable professional for readers who purchase the publication. Professional writing should not project a sense of “hominess;” it should be clear, succinct, and informative. Also, avoid using personal pronouns in writing; although a writer may be writing about lessons learned in the field, the reader does not need to be told this. Choose “This publication gives the reader information relevant to rights and permissions based on substantiated . . .” instead of “I provide the reader with information. . . .” My guess is that the reader does not want to hear it—especially busy professionals who have their own background and experience in various fields. You want to increase your sales without risking turning readers off and thereby potentially losing sales. You have excellent and invaluable information in your publications; ensure buyers/readers are focused on this concept only. The Elements of Style by Strunk and White is an excellent reference.

Clichés. Avoid using any and all overused terms since readers may perceive this as a sign of an inexperienced or lazy writer who cannot come up with an original thought. This is English 101 in its purest form. It takes more time and effort to avoid clichés, but that is what separates the writer from the inexperienced writer. Note that I could have said “separates the men from the boys” but I did not because it is a cliché. See The Dictionary of Cliches for a good reference.

Commas vs. Semicolons. When you have items in a series that contains some commas with individual items, use semicolons to separate each individual item. For instance, “Gary Smith; PO Box 15092; New Orleans, LA.”

Compose/Comprise. This is almost universally done incorrectly!! The correct use is “composed of” and “comprises”—never “comprised of.”

Compound Words. Be careful when compounding words. Understand that “set up” is a verb but “setup” is a noun.

Confusing Words. Know the difference between such words as “insure,” “ensure,” and “assure,” as well as “compliment” and “complement.” See the following three references:

Consistency. It is okay to use “E-mail,” “e-mail,” or “email.” Just pick one and stick with it.

Contractions. Avoid contractions in formal writing. However, understand that in some cases it simply would be too awkward to use the contraction as in “. . . but wouldn’t we all”; you would not write “. . . but would not we all.” Also, be sure you understand the difference between a contraction and a possessive. For instance, “its” does not have a possessive; use an apostrophe only for the “it is” contraction. And plural possessives have the apostrophe after the “s” as in “students’ book bags.”

Definitive Language. Avoid statements such as “all such and such is like this.” It is much better to write, “Often, such-and-such is like this” or “A large body of knowledge indicates that such-and-such exists.” No one can know everything about something.

Mini-tutorial on writing: part one

As an editor and writing coach, I run across the same grammatical issues over and over again. With the help of a colleague (thanks, Jack!), I’ve assembled this “writing tutorial,” which addresses some of these.

This information, presented in alphabetical order, should assist you in writing professional, clear, succinct, and grammatically correct books, articles, and promotional materials. Although some grammatical information is given, other information is a matter of personal style and format suggestions based on a couple of decades of professional writing and editing experience.

Naturally, the style and format suggestions are only recommendations. As with any of this, it can be viewed as an editor’s job anyway, but the fewer the problems, the less editing will cost you in the long run.

I’ll be running this as a several-part series. I hope you’ll find it helpful!

PART ONE

Acronym’s First Use. Although you understand the need to spell out an acronym or initialism on first use, often you spell them out multiple times. This comes from simply revising the text or forgetting that you have already spelled it out. You can use Find and Replace function in Word to find each instance of an acronym’s use to correct this or prevent it from happening.

Also, there is usually no need to use the acronym if it is never used again unless it is so recognizable as an acronym that readers may not understand it spelled out only. For instance, even if it were only used once, spell out Zone Improvement Plan/Program; you would spell it out, then use the acronym “ZIP.” Otherwise, readers probably would not even know what you are referring to if you only spelled it out.

Additionally, avoid abbreviating terms that you think everyone knows, such as “Ed Calendar.” It is better form and more clear to spell out “Editorial Calendar.”

Acronyms, Plural. Even if the plural goes after the first word, the small “s” goes at the end: Justices of the Peace (JPs). Also, possessives get the apostrophe in the acronym as well as in the spelled out version.

“And” and “But.” It is grammatically acceptable today to begin sentences with “and” and “but”—just do not overdo it.

Articles. Use “a” if the acronym or initialism begins with a consonant; use “an” if it begins with a vowel or a consonant with a vowel sound, such as “an RFP” where “R” is sounded as “are.” (PM-1)

Assure, Ensure, Insure. You “assure” someone of something; you “ensure” that something will be done; you “insure” something with money. Also, use “that” after “ensure” in most cases.

Bulleted or Numbered Items, Introducing.
Always begin bulleted text with a capital letter, even if it is a sentence fragment.

Parallelism is paramount; if items are not parallel, they draw attention to themselves. (See the section on Parallelism.)

Normally, do not use punctuation—such as a comma or semicolon—at the end of each line item if they are fragments.

Use a colon when introducing lists that are fragments, and end the introductory sentence with “as follows,” etc.

Use a period when introducing lists that are complete sentences, and end the intro sentence with “as listed below,” etc.

If there is no “2” or “b” you normally don’t need a “1” or “a.”